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Fowler process
The Fowler Process is an industry and laboratory route to fluorocarbons, by fluorinating hydrocarbons or their partially fluorinated derivatives in the vapor phase over cobalt(III) fluoride.
== Background ==
The Manhattan Project required the production and handling of uranium hexafluoride for uranium enrichment, whether by diffusion or centrifuge. Uranium hexafluoride is very corrosive, oxidising, volatile solid (sublimes at 56 °C).〔(Uranium Hexafluoride ), International Chemical Safety Cards #1250.〕 To handle this material, several new materials were required, including a coolant liquid that could survive contact with uranium hexafluoride. Perfluorocarbons were identified as ideal materials, but at that point no method was available to produce them in any significant quantity.
The problem is that fluorine gas is extremely reactive. Simply exposing a hydrocarbon to fluorine will cause the hydrocarbon to ignite. A way to moderate the reaction was required, and the method developed was to react the hydrocarbon with cobalt(III) fluoride, rather than fluorine itself.
After World War II, much of the technology that had been kept secret was released into the public domain. The March 1947 issue of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry presented a collection of articles about fluorine chemistry, starting with the generation and handling of fluorine, and going on to discuss the synthesis of organofluorides and related topics. In one of these articles Fowler et al. describe the laboratory preparation of numerous perfluorocarbons by the vapour phase reaction of a hydrocarbon with cobalt(III) fluoride,〔Fowler, R. D.; Burford, W. B., III; Hamilton, J. M., Jr.; Sweet, R. G.; Weber, C. E.; Kasper, J. S.; Litant, I. (1947). "Synthesis of Fluorocarbons." ''Ind. Eng. Chem.'' 39: 292–298. .〕 at a pilot plant scale, in particular, perfluoro-n-heptane and perfluorodimethylcyclohexane (mixture of 1,3-isomer and 1,4 isomer),〔Burford, W. B., III; Fowler, R, D.; Hamilton, J. M., Jr.; Anderson, H. C.; Weber, C. E.; Sweet, R. G. (1947). "Pilot Plant Syntheses - Perfluoro-''n''-heptane, perfluorodimethylcyclohexane, and high boiling fluorocarbon oils." ''Ind. Eng. Chem.'' 39: 319–329. .〕 and on an industrial scale by Du Pont.〔Benner, R. G; Benning, A. F.; Downing, F. B.; Irwin, C. F.; Johnson, K. C.; Linch, A. L.; Parmalee, H. M.; Wirth, W. V. (1947). "Fluorocarbons by Fluorination of Hydrocarbons with Cobalt Trifluoride." ''Ind. Eng. Chem.'' 39: 329–333. .〕
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